گذشته
بودن در گذشته: was، were و there was / there were
Was, were and there was / there were
گذشته‌ی am، is و are را بساز (I was tired، They were late)، منفی و سؤالش را با wasn't و weren't یاد بگیر، با there was / there were بگو چه چیزی «بود»، و کلمه‌های زمانی مثل yesterday، last week، ago و in 2019 را همراه با was born درست به کار ببر. دیگر نگو I tired یا I was go.
گام ۱ از ۵
was و were: گذشته‌ی am، is و are
| فاعل | مثبت | منفی | سؤالی |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it | was | wasn't (was not) | Was she at home? |
| you / we / they | were | weren't (were not) | Were they at home? |
- I was at the bakery an hour ago.یک ساعت پیش نانوایی بودم.
- My parents were in Isfahan last week.پدر و مادرم هفته‌ی پیش در اصفهان بودند.
- The soup was very hot.سوپ خیلی داغ بود.
گام ۲ از ۵
منفی، سؤالی و جواب کوتاه
برای منفی، not را بعد از was/were می‌گذاریم (wasn't، weren't) و برای سؤال، was/were را اول جمله می‌آوریم. be در گذشته خودش فعل اصلی است، پس کمک‌فعل did نمی‌خواهد. جواب کوتاه هم با همان was/were ساخته می‌شود.
- She wasn't at school on Monday.دوشنبه مدرسه نبود.
- We weren't ready at eight.ساعت هشت آماده نبودیم.
- Were you at home last night? – Yes, I was.دیشب خانه بودی؟ – بله، بودم.
- Where was the meeting? – It was in room 12.جلسه کجا بود؟ – در اتاق ۱۲ بود.
گام ۳ از ۵
there was و there were: «بود» به معنی وجود داشتن
برای گفتن اینکه در گذشته چیزی وجود داشت، There was را با اسم مفرد یا ناشمارش‌پذیر و There were را با اسم جمع به کار ببر. منفی‌اش there wasn't / there weren't (معمولاً با any) و سؤالش Was there...? / Were there...? است.
- There was a long queue at the bank this morning.امروز صبح در بانک صف طولانی بود.
- There were five people in the lift.در آسانسور پنج نفر بودند.
- Was there a doctor in the building? – No, there wasn't.در ساختمان دکتر بود؟ – نه، نبود.
گام ۴ از ۵
کلمه‌های زمانی گذشته و was born
| کلمه‌ی زمانی | مثال |
|---|---|
| yesterday (morning / evening) | I was in Tabriz yesterday. |
| last night / last week / last year | It was very cold last night. |
| عدد + مدت + ago | Alex was here ten minutes ago. |
| in + ماه یا سال | My sister was in Canada in 2019. |
| was / were born (به دنیا آمدن) | I was born in 1998. |
گام ۵ از ۵
دام فارسی‌زبان‌ها: «خسته بودم» ← I was tired
در فارسی فعل «بودم» آخر جمله می‌آید و راحت از یاد می‌رود: اگر فقط «من خسته» را ترجمه کنی، می‌شود I tired ✗؛ باید بگویی I was tired. بعد از was هم فعل ساده نیاور: I was go ✗ ← I went. «متولد شدم» در انگلیسی was born است: I born ✗ و Where did you born ✗ غلط‌اند. و برای «دیروز ترافیک زیادی بود» حتماً there لازم است: Yesterday was a lot of traffic ✗.
- I was tired after the trip. (not: I tired)بعد از سفر خسته بودم.
- Where were you born? (not: Where did you born?)کجا به دنیا آمدی؟
- There was a lot of traffic yesterday. (not: Yesterday was a lot of traffic)دیروز ترافیک زیادی بود.
درس‌های این بخش: گذشته
- بودن در گذشته: was، were و there was / there were
- گذشته‌ی ساده: باقاعده، بی‌قاعده و did
- فعل‌های بی‌قاعده‌ی گذشته: گروه‌بندی و حفظ آسان
- گذشته‌ی استمراری: «داشتم ... که ...»
- خواندن: قطار اشتباهی
- جمله‌های زمانی: when، while، before، after، as soon as و until
- سؤال درباره‌ی فاعل و مفعول: Who called you? / Who did you call?